For Further Research

For any of you who had interests, see below for further resources.

1. For those who want to know "solid" academics.
Google Sholar is a very wide browser to search for an academic paper, book and experiment results. The same for this topic, you can customize some search criteria to find out what you want to know further. The contents are very academic for must.
https://scholar.google.com/

2. For those who want to learn more, without reading hardcore books.
NewYorkTimes is a fit for those who are willing to know, but casually. You can search for "media bias" in the search form and find articles about specifics. The reliability can be a little bit low, so I recommend to use Google Sholar at the same time for any doubt.
https://www.nytimes.com/

3.For those who seek for the industry-focused case.
If you have happened to be interested to know about bias in the USA, the website by the American Press Institute will be the exact spot. The number of contents is not huge, but the analysis by the industry leader is very reliable and interesting with good readability.

https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/

Other Issues in Media and Society

There are several more topics regarding media and relation to society. Those are some interesting places that you can learn more.

1.Media and the self estimate of body.
1.1
It has a very interesting perspective about the negatives effect of media on confidence to the body, it could be interesting to learn about how the view is formed.
URL:
https://mediasociety8.home.blog/blog-feed/

1.2
The blog above focuses on negative in detail, but this one is more focusing on general formation of criteria about the body. Both positive and negative. It would be very interesting to compare with 1.1 and see the fact in depth from a different perspective.
URL:
http://thm.mablog.eu/

2. Media and capital

This blog is interesting and very related to the topic that I have described in previous posts. The way this blog analyzes the power and effect to the media its self could be additional supports to understand the bias of media.
URL:
https://wealthypeopleandmedia.blogspot.com/2019/12/wealthy-people-vs-media.html

3. Media and bully
This blog focuses on the relationship between the media and bullies using IT technologies. It could be interesting to seek out for those interested in 1way how media can be used by individuals and reasons behind.
URL:
https://mediaandsocietydujie.home.blog/

4. Media and life
This focuses on the general effect and some examples of how media can affect the habit and life of people. This could be a useful for those how want to know general effect by media.
https://lindunamacakova.wixsite.com/mediaissue

Biased Media

In this era of information, we must acknowledge that As many studies show the media is biased (D'Alessio & Allen,2006). And learning about its literacy is worth for many to spend time on learning. Being educated about literacy could prevent risks in many ways for English learners; for example, weaker critical thinking skills as a study by Gholami & Maleki (2015) shows.

Although increasing the number of people is getting such eduction, we still see people who have the wrong views created by media as Sarah Benesch (2006) showed. It seems like literacy should be more easily accessible. So that is why I would like to provide this blog as another place to be educated about media bias and learn about the literacy of media.

Citation

James, Lull. (2000) Media, Communication, Culture: Oxford, UK. ISBN0-7456-2190-2

D, D'Alessio & M, Allen. (January 2006). Media bias in presidential elections: a meta‐analysis: Journal of Communication (Volume 50, Issue 4)

Gholami, Javad & Maleki, Ebrahim. (December, 2015). Strategic studies of public policy (strategic studies of globalization journal (Volume 5, Issue 14)

Sarah, Benesch. (2006). Critical Media Awareness: Teaching Resistance to Interpellation: Edge (ed.).London. ISBN:978-0-230-50223-9

What Experts Say 1

China is known as a country where media is restricted by the government (Beina & Eleanor, Feb 17, 2017). There is an interesting study about this country, call “Media Bias in China”. The paper is 36 pages long, mainly focus on a statistical analysis of biased content. The purpose of the study is to find out media control by media. The paper analyzes the reason for media bias from the social structure and shows biased content. For example, it analyses the relationship between deleted internet post and it’s content and others. Also, it compared the difference in content among different religions and local government regulations. However, the paper is used academy specific acronym often, and require some understanding of inferential statistics for some parts. Anyway, It could be a very useful resource to deepen understanding about media bias caused by government restriction. China might be an extreme case of most people, however, the government restriction on media causing bias is not totally ignorable for all. This knowledge in china might be useful to apply in another place as well.

Citation

Bei, Qin & David, Strömberg, & Yanhui, Wu (2018)Media bias in China: Retrieved from: 

https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20170947

Beina, Xu & Eleanor, Albert (Feb 17, 2017). Media Censorship in China: Retrieved from

https://www.cfr.org/

My View

Media’s social functions are controlling the flow of information, forming public opinion and informing cumulated interpretations(Melvin & Sandra, 1989). However, the media seems to be failing its function in some cases. For example, Carl (1958) showed that the contents of the media can be divided into 3. Low-taste content; content that causes critics often such as motion pictures, crime dramas, and confession magazines. Non-debated content; content which causes issues rarely, which has a strong impact, such as weather reports, some news content and motion picture of the whole view. High-taste content; content which is educational, uplifting or inspiring, such as art films, political discussions, and serious music. He found out that the low-taste content is highly distributed, causing social issues, whereas high-taste content is less commonly spread. the balance of content is an issue as described, however, there are more critical issues. Media has an imbalance in its content, however, more critically there is a case that does not even get media’s attention at the needed level. For example, the Civil war and genocide in Rwanda happened in 1990-1994 was caused by critical functional issues by media. In Rwanda, there are 2 tribes Hutu and Tutsi. In Rwanda, a brief that Hutu is superior to Tutsi was formed during the colonization by Germany and Belgium (BBC News, Apri 1,2004). The local media supported and repeated this brief before and during the civil war. For example, one of the local news had articles saying “Let us see what a Tutsi woman tastes like”, which indicated readers to rape to Tusi as acceptable(Anne-Marie,2005). As shown, there was a national hate campaign on-going, causing political instability among tribes(2004). The issue here needed support from other countries, this need opened United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda, UNAMIR. However, after the death of 10 Belgium soldiers. UNAMIR decreased the size from around 2500 solder from 270 (United Nations,1994). The general of the mission, Roméo Antonius Dallaire said these reduce in size was one of the reasons that they were not able to prevent genocide in 1994. As said by general, it was in need of public attention like the Vietnam war and social response in the USA; to form public opinion. However, these issues got very small attention or wrong information spread by world-leading countries. The visibility of the issue was not a problem, but the abuse of their social responsibility(Apri 1,2004). The issue here was not completely unavoidable(Roméo,1994). Like the Invasion of Russia to Ukraine, the media was able to attract public attention and cause the government to act Marta(2015). The case of Rwanda has multiple reasons behind, but one is a lack of attention by the public took one part by the unfunctional structure of the media(BBC, 2004)(1994). The media have a tendency to provide a high ratio of low-taste content and lack other (Melvin&Sandra, 1989). This could cause attention to be missed in the needed place. Like the Father of modern corporate management, Peter F. Drucker said in his book, management the social responsibility by industry is abusable, and the structure of the industry determines it(1993). It seems like the media needs to improve the system. However, as the system stability of media is questionable(2015). It seems like we need to have the right eyes, and ears to evaluate the media, by the structure. So that we can see a thing in a critical way.

Citation

BBC News(April 1, 2004) Rwanda: How the genocide happened. Retrieved from 

https://www.bbc.com/news

Carl, G. Hampel (1959), The logic of functional analysis in symposium on social theory(P280-P298). Newyork.

Dallaire, Roméo (2005). Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda.(p. 106-110): London. ISBN 9780099478935.

de Brouwer, Anne-Marie (2005). Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence(P19). 

Intersentia. ISBN 9050955339

Peter F. Drucker (1993). Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices(P89)(HarperBusiness Edition): Newyork. ISBN 978-0887306150

Melvin, Deflerur & Sandra, Ball-Rokeach. (1989) Theories of Mass Communication(5ed) (P.129-145). : Newyork.ISBN 0-582-99870-0-75295

United Nations. (1994). Report of The Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the UN During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda; Statement of the Secretary-General on Receiving the Report [1999].

M. Neiger & O. Meyers, E. Zandberg. (2011)On Media Memory: Collective Memory in a New Media Age (P.265-273): Oxford. ISBN:9780230307070

Marta Dyczok(2015).Ukraine and Russia People, Politics, Propaganda and Perspectives (p186-193): Bristol. ISBN 978-1-910814-00-0

What Experts say 2

So far, I have shown cases of media bias from many posts. To learn more about the general case, a paper, Media Bias and Reputation could be useful. The paper focuses on theories and creating a model of bias and the structure of why bias might occur. For example in Chapter 3, the paper created a simple model to explain the relationship between reputation and bias of content, which could be very useful to obtain the skill to judge media.

It also uses the model to explain the real cases, which people might find very useful to think critically about media. as it is not easy to just figure out what and how to find the media bias without such understanding. It could teach how to think about the trust level other than its reputation. For example, the model shows that after equilibrium of bias depending on reputation and information on the consumer side.

Jesse, M. Shapiro & Matthew, Gentzkow (2006). Media Bias and Reputation: 

Retrieved from 

https://doi.org/10.1086/499414

Current Events 1

Around 2005 - 2015 in Japan, there was an issue that caught public attention: Fake labeling of foods. Multiple companies on the food industry such as restraints, food manufacturers and food retailers abused the profession by using a fake label of the product. For example, Japan times reported that Hankyu Hanshin Hotels served fake menu such as “Vannamei shrimp passed off as more expensive Shiba shrimp, “shark fin” soup using fins made of artificial ingredients”(Nov 14, 2013). More seriously, there was an issue that could lead to health issues. Meat Hope Co., meat manufacture had critical abuse of laws. For example, re-labeled meat that is over the trow by date using chlorine to “clean”, minced meat contained uncleaned rainwater and bread over the trow by date to fake the volume (Japantimes, Jul 18, 2007). These have shocked the public and got huge attention. Those issues have caused the government to investigate and the public to seek equilibrium of safety and cost (Arai&Yamauchi, 2008)

Hankyu Hanshin Hotels had a harsh reputation from the public, powered by the media. Tokyo Disney also fakes labeled some of the menus, such as serving tiger shrimp as more expensive “Kuruma shrimp”. However, it got almost none of the media attention(Business Journal, Nob 20, 2013). The business Journal analyzed the case and found out that Tokyo Disney has been a large portion of advertisement profit for over 40 years. Profit wise, it was a problem but also there was industry taboo, which is to “criticize the advertiser”. This might have caused some issues regarding public attention to be in the wrong place.

Citation

Arai, Issi & Yamauchi, Isamu. (2008) Mislabeling of food and distrust by market: Retrieved from 

http://doi.org/10.15057/15949

Business Journal(Nov 20, 2013). The reason why Disney’s food mislabelling is not criticized. 

Retrieved from https://biz-journal.jp/

Japantimes(Nov 14, 2013). Yet another shameful food scandal: Retrieved from 

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/

JapanTimes(Jul 18, 2007). Meat Hope Co. files for bankruptcy: Retrieved from 

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/